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In phonetics, advanced tongue root and retracted tongue root, abbreviated ATR or RTR, are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in West and East Africa, but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. It has in the past been suggested that this may also be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but this no longer seems tenable. == Advanced tongue root == Advanced tongue root, abbreviated ATR or +ATR, also called expanded, involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward — and often lowering the larynx — during the pronunciation of a vowel. The lowering of the larynx sometimes adds a breathy quality to the vowel. Voiced stops such as can often involve non-contrastive tongue root advancement, whose results can occasionally be seen in sound changes relating stop voicing and vowel frontness: e.g. voicing of stop consonants before front vowels in the Oghuz Turkic languages, or in Adjarian's law: the fronting of vowels after voiced stops in certain dialects of Armenian. True uvular consonants appear to be incompatible with advanced tongue root, i.e. (). Combined with the above-mentioned tendency for voiced stops to be (), this motivates the extreme rarity of the voiced uvular stop compared to its voiceless counterpart .〔 The International Phonetic Alphabet represents ATR with a "left tack" diacritic, . In languages where they occur, advanced-tongue-root vowels very often contrast with retracted tongue root (RTR) vowels in a system of vowel harmony. This occurs commonly in large parts of West Africa and East Africa. ATR vowels involve a certain tension in the tongue, and often in the lips and jaw as well; the ear can often perceive this tension as a "brightness" (narrow formants) compared to RTR vowels. Nonetheless, phoneticians do not refer to ATR vowels as ''tense vowels'', since the word ''tense'' already has several meanings in European phonetics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Advanced and retracted tongue root」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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